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    Home»Machine Learning»機器學習複習系列(8)-朴素貝葉斯. 貝葉斯演算法(Bayesian… | by Hsu Jerry | Apr, 2025
    Machine Learning

    機器學習複習系列(8)-朴素貝葉斯. 貝葉斯演算法(Bayesian… | by Hsu Jerry | Apr, 2025

    Team_AIBS NewsBy Team_AIBS NewsApril 25, 2025No Comments1 Min Read
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    貝葉斯演算法(Bayesian Algorithms)是一種以機率為基礎的推論方式,能夠結合先驗知識與觀察數據來進行預測與分類。

    貝葉斯定理(Bayes’ Theorem)

    貝葉斯演算法的核心是貝葉斯定理,它描述了在已知某事件發生的條件下,另一事件的機率如何更新。公式如下:

    • A:你想要判斷的事件(例如:某人有沒有某種疾病)。
    • B:你觀察到的資料(例如:檢驗結果是陽性)。
    • P(A):先驗機率(Prior),事件 A 在尚未觀察到 B 前的機率。
    • P(B∣A):似然度(Probability),在 A 發生的前提下觀察到 B 的機率。
    • P(B):邊際機率:觀察到 B 的總體機率。
    • P(A∣B):後驗機率(Posterior):在 B 發生之後,A 發生的機率。

    例子:

    • 全部有 1000 個人,其中只有 10 人有某種疾病(先驗機率 P(病)=0.01)
    • 現在有一種檢驗法,如果你有病,有 99% 機會會驗出陽性(似然度 P(陽性∣病)=0.99)
    • 但這個檢驗也會誤報 5% 的健康人(誤報率 P(陽性∣無病)=0.05)

    那麼某人驗出陽性後,他真的得病的機率是多少?

    根據貝葉斯定理:

    即使驗出陽性,只有約 16.7% 的機會真的得病。

    例子2:

    在輸入法或搜尋引擎中,使用者有時會輸入拼錯的單字(例如打成 “tlp”),這個單字不在字典中,我們的目標是猜測使用者真正想輸入的單字是什麼?

    這就變成一個條件機率問題:
    我們想知道,在觀察到拼錯單詞 D的情況下,每個可能的正確單詞 h的機率 P(h∣D)。

    P(D∣h)=在本想輸入單詞 h 的情況下,實際輸入成 D 的機率

    • 正確單詞 h=high、tip,我們不曉得哪個才是正確單詞,錯誤輸入則是 D=tlp

    假設打錯的原因可以用以下「編輯操作」來表示:

    越接近的按鍵越容易誤觸!假設使用者打的是 tlp,我們懷疑他原本想打的是 high 或 tip。那我們要比較:

    假設鍵盤鄰接距離定義中,o 鄰近 l → 替換機率設為 0.1,其他字母誤打為非鄰近鍵 → 替換機率設為 0.01

    情況一、假設使用者原本想輸入 high,實際卻輸入 tlp,則每個字母的替換機率:

    情況二、設使用者原本想輸入 high,實際卻輸入 tip,則每個字母的替換機率:

    結論:系統應該猜 high。

    第二種方法,假設有一份紀錄表

    以最大似然估計計算似然度 P(D∣h):

    搭配先驗機率(假設來自語料詞頻)P(high)=0.02,P(tip)=0.01:

    結論:系統應該猜 high。



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