How a race for electric vehicles threatens a marine paradise

Stark photographs, captured from a drone by environmental campaigners and shared with the BBC, seem to point out how nickel mining has stripped forests and polluted waters in one of the vital biodiverse marine habitats on Earth.

The Raja Ampat archipelago – a bunch of small islands in Indonesia’s Southwest Papua Province – has been dubbed the “Amazon of the Seas”.

However mining for nickel – an ingredient in electrical car batteries and in chrome steel – has ramped up there lately, in response to the organisation Global Witness.

In a transfer that was welcomed by campaigners, the Indonesian authorities this week revoked permits for 4 out of 5 mining corporations working within the area.

In a statement published online, Indonesia’s Ministry for the Atmosphere stated: “Raja Ampat’s biodiversity is a world heritage that should be protected.

“We pay nice consideration to mining actions that happen within the space.”

However images – taken by Global Witness as part of an investigation – seem to point out environmental injury already carried out.

Aerial photographs present forest loss and sediment run-off into waters which can be dwelling to biodiverse coral reefs.

International Witness advised the BBC that land use for mining, throughout a number of small islands within the archipelago, elevated by 500 hectares – equal to about 700 soccer pitches – between 2020 and 2024.

Some conservationists, including the organisation Greenpeace, are involved that the federal government’s determination may very well be reversed by authorized motion by the mining corporations.

And one firm that operates on Gag island, which has notably wealthy deposits of nickel, has been allowed to proceed its operations. The federal government stated it will order the “restoration of the ecological impacts that happen” there.

Coral reef conservationist and ecologist Dr Mark Erdmann advised BBC Information that he was “blown away, and so joyful” concerning the authorities’s determination to revoke the mining permits.

“That is the worldwide epicenter of marine biodiversity,” he advised BBC Information.

Dr Erdmann has labored in Raja Ampat for greater than 20 years and helped arrange the community of marine protected areas there. He is among the founders of a shark rewilding venture, referred to as Reshark, primarily based within the area.

He added: “It was a voice of shock from the Indonesian those who made the federal government listen.”

However this ecological controversy is an instance of how the demand for the metals wanted to energy battery know-how – for electrical automobiles and different low carbon power sources – can injury the surroundings.

Indonesia now accounts for greater than half of the world’s nickel mine manufacturing, in response to a report last year by the Institute for Power Economics and Monetary Evaluation.

And whereas the sweetness and biodiversity of the Raja Ampat has drawn consideration to mining exercise there, mining has been linked to ecological injury elsewhere too.

A 2024 study by Forest Watch Indonesia discovered a hyperlink between the lack of forests related to mining exercise and elevated native flooding and landslides.

Growing demand for so-called vital minerals is shaping financial selections around the globe. It was the driving drive for President Trump’s current government order to jumpstart the mining of metallic nodules from the deep sea in worldwide waters. It’s a move that China has called illegal.

Dr Erdmann identified that balancing financial progress with environmental safety was a specific dilemma for Indonesia. “It has a whole lot of nickel – somehow, a few of it will come out of the bottom,” he stated.

Dr Michaela Guo Ying Lo, from the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (Cube) and the College of Kent, led a study in 2024 of the affect of mining on native communities in Sulawesi. The massive Indonesian island has a lot of the nation’s nickel deposits.

The analysis confirmed that mining exercise lowered poverty barely, however that there was vital “worsening of environmental well-being” together with elevated native water and air air pollution.

“Indonesia is positioning itself globally within the nickel market,” Dr Lo advised BBC Information. “Nevertheless it’s essential to not neglect what’s taking place regionally.”

Imam Shofwan, an environmental campaigner from an organisation referred to as Jatam, primarily based in Jakarta, advised BBC Information: “They are saying nickel is an answer to the local weather disaster. Nevertheless it’s inflicting deforestation and destroying farmland.”

He additionally identified to the BBC that low-lying coastal areas, the place some nickel deposits are discovered, are among the locations most susceptible to the consequences of local weather change, together with rising sea ranges.

Dr Erdmann commented: “The nickel dilemma is a horrible one.

“Mining is at all times going to be environmentally impactful and all of us are likely to suppose that electrification is a good suggestion. However what’s the acceptable injury that we’re prepared to see?”

The BBC contacted the Indonesian authorities for remark, however didn’t obtain a reply.