I’m fascinated with the early Twentieth-century zeal for electrifying on a regular basis issues. Hand instruments, toasters, hot combs—all of them clearly benefited from the jolt of electrification. However the eraser? What was so problematic in regards to the humble eraser that it wanted electrifying?
Quite a lot of issues, it turned out. In accordance with Hermann Lukowski in his 1935 patent application for an equipment for erasing, “Hand-held rubbers are clumsy and canopy a larger space than could also be required.” Aye, there’s the rub, because it have been. Lukowski’s cone-tipped electrical eraser, he argued, might higher deal with the tremendous element.
An electrical eraser is also a timesaver. Within the days earlier than computer-aided drawing and the convenience of the delete and undo instructions, manually erasing a doc could possibly be a fragile operation.
Take into account the cautious method Roscoe C. Sloane and John M. Montz recommend of their 1930 guide Elements of Topographic Drawing. To make a correction to a map, these civil engineering professors at Ohio State University advocate the next steps:
- With a easy, sharp knife decide the ink from the paper. This may be performed with out marring the floor.
- Place a tough, easy floor, reminiscent of a [drafting] triangle, underneath the erasure earlier than rubbing begins.
- When virtually all of the ink has been eliminated with the knife, rub with a pencil eraser.
Erasing was not for the faint of coronary heart!
A Transient Historical past of the Eraser
The place did the eraser get its begin? The British scientist Joseph Priestley is widely known for his discovery of oxygen and under no circumstances celebrated for his discovery of the eraser. Round 1766, whereas engaged on The History and Present State of Electricity, he discovered himself having to attract his personal illustrations. First, although, he needed to be taught to attract, and since any new artist naturally makes errors, he additionally wanted to erase.
In 1766 or thereabouts, Joseph Priestley found the erasing properties of pure rubber.Alamy
Alas, there weren’t plenty of nice choices for erasing on the time. For gadgets drawn in ink, he might use a knife to scrape away errors; pumice or different tough stones is also used to abrade the web page and take away the ink. To erase pencil, the customary strategy was to make use of a chunk of bread or bread crumbs to softly grind the graphite off the web page. All the strategies have been problematic. With out excessive care, it was straightforward to wreck the paper. Utilizing bread was additionally messy, and because the author and artist John Ruskin allegedly stated, a waste of completely good bread.
Because the story goes, Priestley sooner or later by chance grabbed a chunk of caoutchouc, or pure rubber, as a substitute of bread and found that it might erase his errors.
Priestley might have found this attribute of rubber, however Edward Nairne, an inventor, optician, and scientific-instrument maker, marketed it on the market. For 3 shillings (about sooner or later’s wages for a talented tradesman), you may buy a half-inch (1.27-cm) dice of the fabric. Priestley acknowledged Nairne within the preface of his 1770 tutorial on how to attract, A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective, noting that caoutchouc was “excellently tailored to the aim of wiping from paper the marks of a black-lead-pencil.” By the late 1770s, cubes of caoutchouc have been generally called rubbers or lead-eaters.
Pure rubber is likely to be good for erasing, but it surely isn’t essentially an merchandise you need sitting in your desk. This can be very delicate to temperature, changing into laborious and brittle within the chilly and mushy and gummy within the warmth. Over time, it inevitably degrades. And worst of all, it turns into pungent.
What was so problematic in regards to the humble eraser that it wanted electrifying?
Fortunately, there have been a number of different individuals on the lookout for methods to enhance pure rubber, and in 1839 Charles Goodyear developed the vulcanization course of. By including sulfur to pure rubber after which heating it, Goodyear found learn how to stabilize rubber in a agency state, what we might name immediately the thermosetting of polymers. In 1844 Goodyear patented a course of to create rubber cloth. He went on to make rubber sneakers and different merchandise. (The tire company that bears his title was based by the brothers Charles and Frank Seiberling a number of many years later.) Goodyear sadly died penniless, however we did get a greater eraser out of his discovery.
Who Actually Invented the Electrical Eraser?
Albert Dremel, who opened his eponymous company in 1932, typically will get credit score for the invention of the electrical eraser, but when that’s true, I can discover no definitive proof. Out of greater than 50 U.S. patents held by Dremel, none are for an electrical eraser. In actual fact, different inventors might have a greater declare, reminiscent of Homer G. Coy, who filed a patent for an electrified automatic eraser in 1927, or Ola S. Pugerud, who filed a patent for a rotatable electric eraser in 1906.
The Dremel Moto-Instrument, launched in 1935, got here with an array of swappable bits. One model could possibly be used as an electrical eraser.Dremel
In 1935 Dremel did come out with the Moto-Tool, the world’s first handheld, high-speed rotary instrument that had interchangeable bits for sanding, engraving, burnishing, and sharpening. One version of the Moto-Instrument was offered as an electrical eraser, though it was held extra like a hammer than a pencil.
No matter who invented the machine, electrical erasers have been positively in the marketplace by 1929. Among the earliest adopters have been librarians, particularly those that maintained and needed to ceaselessly replace the cardboard catalog. Margaret Mann, an affiliate professor of library science on the College of Michigan, listed an electrical eraser as really useful tools in her 1930 guide Introduction to Cataloging and the Classification of Books. She described a flat, spherical rubber eraser mounted on a motor-driven instrument just like a dentist’s drill. The eraser might take away typewriting and print from catalog playing cards with out leaving a tough look. By 1937, discussions of electrical erasers have been a part of the library science curriculum at Columbia University. Electrical erasers had gone mainstream.
To erase pencil, the customary strategy was to make use of a chunk of bread to softly grind the graphite off the web page.
In 1930, the Charles Bruning Co.’s basic catalog had six pages of erasers and equipment, with two pages dedicated to the corporate’s electrical erasing machine. Bruning, which specialised in engineering, drafting, and surveying provides, additionally provided a wide range of nonelectrified eraser merchandise, together with metal erasers (also referred to as desk knives), eraser shields (used to isolate the realm to be erased), and a chisel-shaped eraser to placed on the top of a pencil.
The Loren Specialty Manufacturing Co. arrived late to the electrical eraser recreation, introducing its first such product in 1953. Held within the hand like a pen or pencil, the Presto electrical eraser would vibrate to abrade a small space in want of correction. The corporate spun off the Presto model in 1962, in regards to the time the Presto Model 80 [shown at top] was produced. This specific unit was utilized by officer staff on the New York Life Insurance Co. and is now housed on the Smithsonian’s Cooper Hewitt.
The Creativity of the Eraser
Once I was rising up, my dad stored an electrical eraser subsequent to his drafting desk. I cherished taking part in with it, but it surely wasn’t till I started researching this text that I spotted I had been utilizing all of it fallacious. The professionals know you’re speculated to form the cylindrical rubber into some extent with a purpose to erase tremendous strains.
Right now virtually all draftsmen, librarians, and workplace staff have gone digital, however some visible artists nonetheless use electrical erasers. One in every of them is artist and educator Darrel Tank, who makes a speciality of pencil drawings. I watched a number of of his surprisingly fascinating videos evaluating numerous fashions of electrical erasers. Seeing Tank use his favourite electrical eraser to create texture on clothes or motion in hair made me notice that drawing isn’t just an additive course of. Generally it’s what’s eliminated that makes the distinction.
– YouTube
Susan Piedmont-Palladino, an architect and professor at Virginia Tech’s Washington-Alexandria Structure Middle, has additionally thought rather a lot about erasing. She curated the exhibit “Instruments of the Creativeness: Drawing Instruments and Applied sciences from the Eighteenth Century to the Current” on the National Building Museum in 2005 and authored the companion guide of the identical title. Piedmont-Palladino describes architectural design as a protracted means of doing, undoing, and redoing, deciding which concepts can keep and which should go.
Piedmont-Palladino writes lovingly of a not-too-distant previous, the place this design course of was captured in a constructing’s plans. When the architect was drafting by hand, the paper itself turned a file of misery, exhibiting the place it had been scraped, erased, and redrawn. You possibly can see factors of uncertainty and factors of decisiveness. However immediately, when virtually all architectural drawing is completed on a pc, customers delete as a substitute of erase. With a number of keystrokes, an object can disappear, transfer to a different spot, or miraculously reappear from the trash can. The design course of is not etched into the web page.
After all, the pencil, the eraser (electrical or not), and the pc are all simply instruments for transmitting and visualizing concepts. The instruments of any age replicate society in ways in which aren’t all the time clear till new instruments come to switch them. Each the pencil and the eraser needed to be invented, and it’s as much as historians to verify they aren’t forgotten.
A part of a continuing series historic artifacts that embrace the boundless potential of expertise.
An abridged model of this text seems within the April 2025 print situation as “When Electrification Got here for the Eraser.”
From Your Website Articles
Associated Articles Across the Net
